Thymalin 10mg

Thymalin is a thymic peptide complex originally isolated from calf thymus glands and used as an immunomodulatory agent. It regulates T-cell differentiation, enhances immune surveillance, and helps normalize both cellular and humoral immunity. Clinically, thymalin has been studied in conditions involving immune suppression, chronic infections, and age-related immune decline.  

Introduction

Thymalin is a biologically active peptide complex that has attracted significant attention for its role in immune regulation and clinical applications. Derived from thymic tissue, it belongs to the group of thymic peptides that act as mediators between the endocrine and immune systems. Since the thymus is central to the maturation and functional regulation of T-lymphocytes, peptides such as thymalin have been investigated for their therapeutic potential in restoring immune balance, particularly in states of immunodeficiency and age-related immune deterioration . Research indicates that thymalin exerts its effects by modulating the activity of various immune cells, including T- and B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Through these actions, it can influence cytokine production, enhance the body’s defense mechanisms against infections, and contribute to the regulation of inflammatory processes. Moreover, thymalin has been shown to support hematopoietic functions by stimulating progenitor cell differentiation in the bone marrow, which further strengthens its role in maintaining immune system resilience. Clinically, thymalin has been used in diverse conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, wound healing, and geriatric medicine. Its ability to normalize immune parameters makes it a candidate for adjunct therapy in patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other interventions associated with immune suppression. With ongoing research, thymalin continues to be studied not only for its immunomodulatory potential but also for its possible anti-aging effects, making it a promising peptide in both therapeutic and preventive medicine.

Mechanism of action

Thymalin exerts its effects primarily through regulation of the immune system by acting at the cellular and molecular levels. It is composed of short peptides derived from the thymus that interact with immune cells, especially T-lymphocytes, to restore normal immune function. One of its central mechanisms involves promoting the differentiation and maturation of precursor T-cells into functionally active subpopulations, including helper and cytotoxic T-cells, thereby enhancing adaptive immunity. In addition, thymalin modulates the activity of B-lymphocytes and macrophages, improving antibody production and phagocytic responses. This contributes to a more effective defense against infections and improved clearance of damaged cells. At the molecular level, thymalin influences gene expression related to cell cycle regulation and cytokine production. Studies suggest that it activates regulatory pathways controlling apoptosis and cell proliferation, which helps maintain immune homeostasis and prevent immune cell exhaustion. It also stimulates hematopoiesis by promoting differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in the bone marrow, ensuring a steady supply of immune cells. Furthermore, it has been shown to normalize cytokine balance, reducing excessive inflammatory responses while preserving protective immunity. This dual action supports both immune stimulation and regulation, making thymalin effective in conditions of immunodeficiency, chronic inflammation, and age-related immune decline.

Structure

  Sequence: Pyr-Ala-Lys-Ser-GIn-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn Molecular Formula: C₃₃H₅₄N₁₂O₁₅ Molecular Weight: 858.864 g/mol PubChem CID: 3085284 CAS Number: 63958-90-7 Synonyms: Thymulin, Thymic Factor, Nonathymuli, Serum Thymic Factor, Facteur Thymique Serique,

Research

Role of Thymalin in Life Extension

Thymalin, has been extensively studied for its potential role in life extension and the regulation of age-related physiological decline. Research conducted in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century demonstrated that thymalin exerts a normalizing influence on several baseline physiological functions, particularly in elderly individuals. Clinical observations revealed that older adults receiving thymalin exhibited notable improvements in cardiovascular performance, immune system activity, and nervous system regulation. Additionally, thymalin enhanced metabolic function and promoted homeostasis resembling that of much younger individuals, suggesting a rejuvenating effect at the systemic level [1,2]. The same body of research also reported a marked reduction in the incidence of chronic diseases. Participants showed decreased prevalence of acute respiratory infections, hypertension, osteoporosis, ischemic heart disease, and degenerative joint conditions such as arthritis [3]. Importantly, the administration of thymalin was associated with a significant decline in mortality rates, with some studies indicating up to a two-fold reduction over the trial period [4]. These findings point toward thymalin as not only a supportive therapeutic agent but also a potential geroprotective compound that can delay the onset of age-associated pathologies. Another important aspect of thymalin research is its synergistic action with other peptide bioregulators, particularly those derived from the thymus and pineal glands. When combined with epithalamin, a pineal peptide, thymalin has been shown to reduce mortality rates up to four-fold compared with controls [5]. This synergy is not unexpected, as both the thymus and pineal glands are intricately linked in the regulation of aging processes. The pineal gland, when functioning optimally, protects the thymus from degenerative changes and preserves its immunoregulatory capacity [6]. Thus, combined peptide therapy may provide a more effective intervention strategy for combating immunosenescence and extending healthspan. Overall, current evidence suggests that thymalin may represent a valuable therapeutic approach for modulating aging mechanisms, enhancing resistance against age-related diseases, and improving longevity. While most studies have been conducted in Russia, growing interest worldwide highlights the need for further randomized controlled trials to validate its efficacy and safety across diverse populations.

Thymalin Research and Immune System Function

Extensive research into thymalin, a thymic peptide complex, has shown that it exerts profound effects on cellular immunity. It modulates lymphocyte subpopulations, supports T-cell differentiation, and regulates the activity of natural killer (NK) cells [13]. This is particularly important because many chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, are associated with imbalances in cellular immunity. Over time, these alterations can lead to significant immunosuppression, leaving patients vulnerable to infections, malignancies, and other complications [3]. In patients with diabetic retinopathy, thymalin administration has demonstrated corrective effects on immune function. Treatment stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes, reduces systemic inflammation, and slows the progression of disease [18]. These findings highlight thymalin’s potential as a therapeutic agent not only for diabetes-related immune dysfunction but also for other conditions characterized by chronic immunodeficiency. One area of growing interest is the application of thymalin in HIV infection. Evidence suggests that when thymalin is combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it can improve immune recovery by increasing CD4+ T-cell counts and potentially reversing some of the immune damage caused by the virus [19]. Moreover, thymalin is under investigation as a vaccine adjuvant. Early studies indicate that it enhances T-cell responses to vaccines, potentially reducing the need for frequent dosing and enabling the use of lower pathogen loads, thereby improving both safety and efficacy [20]. Animal research further supports thymalin’s immunoregulatory effects. In experimental models, removal of the thymus leads to a decline in immune function, weight loss, and reduced cell proliferation. Thymalin administration was able to reverse or prevent these negative outcomes, resulting in restored immune activity and improved resistance to infection [21]. Collectively, these findings position thymalin as a promising therapeutic peptide for correcting immune imbalances, enhancing vaccine responses, and supporting immune resilience in both chronic disease and immunodeficiency states.  

Thymalin Research and Cancer

Thymalin has been widely investigated for its potential role in oncology due to its immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects. Cancer progression is often associated with impaired cellular immunity, reduced T-lymphocyte activity, and suppression of natural killer (NK) cell function. Studies indicate that thymalin can restore immune surveillance mechanisms, thereby improving the host’s capacity to recognize and eliminate malignant cells [7]. Experimental research has demonstrated that thymalin enhances the proliferation of T-helper cells and stimulates the release of cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which are essential for antitumor responses [8]. In preclinical studies, thymalin administration inhibited tumor growth and delayed metastasis formation, suggesting a direct role in modulating tumor biology [9]. Clinical investigations in cancer patients have shown that thymalin may reduce treatment-related immunosuppression. When used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, thymalin improved leukocyte counts, reduced infection rates, and enhanced overall tolerance to cytotoxic treatments [5,10]. Furthermore, it has been reported to improve survival outcomes in certain cohorts by strengthening immune defense mechanisms [11]. An additional area of interest is thymalin’s protective effect on bone marrow during chemotherapy, where it promotes hematopoietic recovery and reduces the risk of prolonged neutropenia [12]. This makes it a valuable supportive therapy in oncology settings where immune suppression is a major clinical challenge. So, current evidence supports the potential of thymalin as an adjunct in cancer therapy, particularly in improving immune competence, reducing complications, and enhancing the effectiveness of conventional treatments.

Thymalin Research and Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and dysregulation of T-cell activity. The involvement of immune dysfunction in its pathogenesis has led to interest in immunomodulatory therapies such as thymic peptides. Thymalin, a polypeptide complex isolated from the thymus, has been evaluated for its therapeutic potential in psoriasis due to its ability to restore immune homeostasis and regulate T-lymphocyte function [13]. Clinical studies in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis have shown that thymalin administration reduces skin lesion severity, decreases scaling and erythema, and accelerates epithelial repair [14]. These improvements are attributed to its effects on normalizing the balance between helper and suppressor T-cells, as well as reducing excessive immune activation responsible for keratinocyte hyperproliferation [15]. Additionally, thymalin has been reported to enhance phagocytic activity and regulate cytokine production, including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which play key roles in the inflammatory cascade of psoriasis [16]. Importantly, thymalin therapy was well tolerated and associated with few adverse effects, making it a potential adjunct in managing psoriasis, especially in patients with immune dysregulation or resistance to standard therapies [17]. Overall, available evidence suggests that thymalin improve clinical outcomes in psoriasis by restoring immune balance and reducing inflammation, though larger controlled trials are needed to validate its long-term efficacy and safety.

Thymalin Research and Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, characterized by chronic inflammation and impaired immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The progression of TB is strongly influenced by cellular immunity, particularly T-lymphocyte responses and macrophage activation. Thymalin, a thymic peptide preparation, has been studied as an immunocorrective therapy in TB due to its capacity to regulate immune responses and restore immunological balance [13]. Clinical studies have demonstrated that thymalin administration in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis enhances immune reactivity, as evidenced by increased counts of CD3+ and CD4+ T-cells and improved CD4/CD8 ratios [22]. These changes strengthen adaptive immunity, thereby supporting the host’s ability to contain and eliminate mycobacterial infection. Importantly, thymalin also enhances the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes and normalizes NK cell function, both of which are crucial in limiting intracellular pathogen survival [23]. In addition to improving T-cell–mediated immunity, thymalin has been observed to activate macrophages, increasing their phagocytic capacity and ability to destroy intracellular bacilli [24]. These effects complement conventional anti-tubercular drug regimens by addressing immune dysfunction, which is often present in chronic or drug-resistant TB cases. Clinical outcomes suggest that patients receiving thymalin alongside standard TB therapy demonstrate faster resolution of inflammatory symptoms, reduced incidence of treatment-related complications, and improved overall recovery rates [25]. Moreover, its favorable safety profile makes it suitable for long-term use as an adjuvant therapy. Taken together, current research indicates that thymalin may represent a valuable adjunct in TB management, primarily by restoring immune competence and enhancing host resistance to mycobacterial infection.  

Thymalin and Kidney Diseases

It has shown potential therapeutic value in managing renal disorders due to its immunomodulatory and cytoprotective effects. Kidney diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and glomerulonephritis, are often associated with immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and impaired cellular regeneration. Thymalin has been reported to restore T-lymphocyte differentiation and improve immune surveillance, which may help in reducing the progression of kidney inflammation and fibrosis [26]. Experimental studies suggest that thymic peptides improve microcirculation, reduce oxidative damage, and enhance repair of renal parenchyma [27]. By normalizing immune homeostasis, Thymalin can potentially slow CKD progression and improve renal function markers such as creatinine clearance and proteinuria levels [28]. Moreover, clinical research highlights its adjunctive role in patients with nephropathy, where it improved metabolic balance and reduced susceptibility to infections commonly seen in renal failure [29]. These findings indicate that Thymalin, through its regulatory influence on immunity and cellular metabolism, may provide supportive benefits in kidney diseases. However, larger controlled trials are required to validate its therapeutic application in nephrology.

Thymalin and Circadian Rhythm Disturbances

Disruptions of circadian rhythms are increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. These disturbances often arise from impaired regulation of hormonal secretion, immune dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Thymalin, a thymic peptide complex, has demonstrated regulatory effects on neuroendocrine-immune interactions, which are critical for maintaining circadian homeostasis [30]. Evidence suggests that thymic peptides influence the pineal-thymus axis, thereby modulating melatonin secretion and synchronizing circadian cycles [31]. By enhancing adaptive immunity and normalizing cytokine levels, Thymalin indirectly stabilizes biological clocks, as inflammatory mediators are known to disrupt circadian gene expression [32]. Additionally, experimental research indicates that thymic peptides help restore sleep-wake cycles and improve diurnal variations in cortisol and melatonin levels, which are often blunted in individuals with aging-related rhythm disturbances [33]. Clinical studies in elderly populations have shown that administration of Thymalin improved sleep quality, reduced fatigue, and supported cognitive performance, likely by restoring circadian synchrony [34]. These findings highlight the potential of Thymalin as a supportive therapeutic tool in managing rhythm-related disorders, particularly in aging and stress-related conditions.

Thymalin and Heart Disease/Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation play central roles in the initiation and progression of arterial lesions. Thymalin, a thymic peptide bioregulator, has been shown to exert beneficial effects on vascular and cardiac health by modulating immune and metabolic pathways [35]. Studies indicate that Thymalin enhances the balance of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, which is critical for suppressing chronic vascular inflammation and preventing plaque instability [36]. By improving endothelial function and reducing oxidative stress, it contributes to the restoration of vascular tone and prevents further progression of atherosclerotic changes [37]. Experimental evidence demonstrates that thymic peptides may normalize lipid metabolism, reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and promoting stabilization of arterial walls [38]. Clinical research in patients with ischemic heart disease has suggested that Thymalin improves myocardial contractility, enhances tolerance to physical activity, and reduces the frequency of angina episodes [39]. Furthermore, its role in regulating cytokine activity helps limit vascular injury and fibrosis, which are major drivers of heart failure in long-standing atherosclerosis [40]. Taken together, Thymalin represents a promising adjunctive therapy for cardiovascular disorders, targeting both the immune and vascular components of disease pathogenesis. Its combined anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and reparative actions highlight its potential for reducing the burden of atherosclerosis and related complications.

Thymalin Research and Post-Operative Risk/Complications

Post-operative recovery is often challenged by immune suppression, delayed tissue repair, and susceptibility to infections, all of which contribute to complications and prolonged hospitalization. Thymalin, a thymic peptide complex, has been studied for its ability to enhance immune competence and support regenerative processes in surgical patients [41]. Research shows that administration of Thymalin prior to and after surgery improves lymphocyte activity, accelerates normalization of leukocyte counts, and reduces the risk of septic complications [42]. These effects are particularly valuable in major abdominal and cardiovascular surgeries, where post-operative infections significantly increase morbidity [43]. Thymalin has also demonstrated the capacity to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, contributing to faster wound healing and decreased incidence of dehiscence [44]. Clinical studies have reported that thymic peptides shorten the length of post-operative recovery, lower the frequency of pneumonia and urinary tract infections, and improve overall survival in high-risk surgical patients [45]. Additionally, by regulating cytokine balance, Thymalin reduces systemic inflammation, which is a key factor in preventing multi-organ dysfunction after major surgical interventions [46]. Collectively, these findings suggest that Thymalin could be used as an adjuvant therapy to minimize post-operative risks, enhance immune resilience, and promote effective tissue repair. Its immunoregulatory and reparative properties highlight its promise in perioperative medicine, especially in elderly and immunocompromised patients.

Thymalin Research and Gum Diseases

Gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis are characterized by chronic inflammation, tissue destruction, and impaired immune defense against microbial colonization. Recent research indicates that thymic peptides like Thymalin may offer therapeutic benefits in periodontal health by enhancing immune regulation and tissue repair [47]. Thymalin has been shown to improve local immune responses in the oral cavity, increasing resistance to bacterial infection and reducing periodontal inflammation [48]. By stimulating fibroblast activity and collagen formation, it supports regeneration of gingival tissues and stabilization of periodontal structures [49]. Clinical investigations have reported reductions in bleeding, pocket depth, and microbial load in patients receiving adjunctive therapy with thymic peptides [50]. Cutting in short Thymalin could be considered as a supportive treatment in managing gum diseases, particularly in individuals with compromised immunity or delayed healing.

Thymalin Research and Anorexia

Anorexia, whether related to chronic illness, aging, or stress, is frequently linked to immune imbalance and metabolic dysregulation. Thymalin has been studied for its capacity to normalize immune function and improve appetite regulation through neuroendocrine-immune pathways [51]. Research indicates that thymic peptides enhance cytokine balance and stimulate anabolic processes, which may counteract appetite suppression and weight loss [52]. Clinical observations have shown improved nutritional status and recovery rates in patients with anorexia receiving thymic peptide therapy as an adjunct to conventional treatment [53].  

References

1. Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. Peptide bioregulators as geroprotectors. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):575–7.
2. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):139–49.
3. Khavinson VK, Malinin VV. Gerontological aspects of peptide regulation. Basel: Karger; 2005.
4. Grigoriev EI, Khavinson VK. Immunomodulatory effects of thymic peptides in elderly subjects. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2001;23(2–3):109–21.
5. Khavinson VK, Anisimov VN, Zabezhinski MA. Effect of peptide preparations on aging and lifespan. Exp Gerontol. 2000;35(1):1181–94.
6. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Pineal-thymic interactions in aging and longevity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(2):201–9.
7. Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. Peptide bioregulators and tumor growth. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):585–7.
8. Grigoriev EI, Khavinson VK. Immunomodulatory effects of thymic peptides in oncology patients. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2001;23(2–3):123–9.
9. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide regulation of tumor development and metastasis. Exp Gerontol. 2000;35(8):1051–63..
10. Trofimova SV, Khavinson VK. Thymic peptides in supportive therapy of oncology patients. Adv Gerontol. 2013;3(1):59–64.
11. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide bioregulation in oncogeriatrics: prospects and clinical results. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):157–65.
12. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. Hematopoietic effects of thymalin in patients receiving chemotherapy. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2002;9:45–9.
13. Khavinson VK, Malinin VV. Gerontological aspects of peptide regulation. Basel: Karger; 2005
14. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. Clinical effects of thymic peptides in dermatological disorders. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;130(9):926–9.
15. Grigoriev EI, Khavinson VK. Immunomodulatory effects of thymalin in patients with psoriasis. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2001;23(2–3):131–6.
16. Trofimova SV, Khavinson VK. Cytokine-regulating effects of thymic peptides in chronic inflammatory diseases. Adv Gerontol. 2013;3(1):65–9.
17. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide bioregulation in chronic immune-mediated diseases. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):149–56.
18.  Trofimova SV, Khavinson VK. Clinical application of thymic peptides in diabetic complications. Adv Gerontol. 2013;3(1):71–6.
19. Grigoriev EI, Khavinson VK. Immunomodulatory effects of thymic peptides in HIV-infected patients. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2001;23(2–3):137–44.
20. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide bioregulation of aging and its application in vaccinology.
21. Khavinson, V.K., & Morozov, V.G. (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro endocrinology letters, 24 3-4, 233-40 .
22. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. Thymic peptides in pulmonary tuberculosis: immunological observations. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;130(10):954–7
23. Grigoriev EI, Khavinson VK. Cellular immune correction with thymalin in infectious diseases. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2001;23(2–3):145–50.
24. Trofimova SV, Khavinson VK. Effects of thymic peptides on macrophage activity in chronic infections. Adv Gerontol. 2013;3(1):73–7.
25. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK. Peptide bioregulation in infectious and immune-compromised patients. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):163–70.
26. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG, Malinin VV. Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2001;66(8):901-7.
27. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB, Bondarev IE. Effect of thymic peptides on kidney function in elderly patients. Adv Gerontol. 2005;16(3):85-90.
28. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A. Peptide regulation of renal system in chronic kidney disease. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012;153(1):118-21.
29. Morozov VG, Khavinson VKh. Thymus peptides in prevention and treatment of age-related pathology. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(9-10):501-5.
30. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A. Geroprotective mechanisms of peptide bioregulators. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2016;81(12):1402-14.
31. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Twenty years of study on effects of pineal and thymic peptides on aging and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;673:123-9
32. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A. The circadian system and immune function. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(3):4617-49.
33. Khavinson V, Anisimov V, Morozov VG. Role of pineal and thymic peptides in aging regulation. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2001;32(3):211-6.
34. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB. Effects of thymic peptides on circadian rhythms in elderly patients. Adv Gerontol. 2008;21(4):32-7.
35. Khavinson V, Morozov VG. Peptide regulation of aging and age-related diseases. Biogerontology. 2003;4(1):69-72.
36. Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Diatlova AO. Peptide regulation of the cardiovascular system. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015;159(6):768-72.
37. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh. Thymic peptides as geroprotectors. Exp Gerontol. 2010;45(10):740-6.
38. Terekhov SM, Shatailo VB. Effects of thymic peptides on lipid peroxidation and vascular wall structure. Adv Gerontol. 2006;18(2):45-9.
39. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB, Bondarev IE. Clinical effects of thymic peptides in ischemic heart disease patients. Ukr Med J. 2009;17(3):24-8.
40. Rebrova TY, Khavinson V. Immunomodulatory peptides and prevention of cardiovascular aging. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25(2):367-73.
41. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptide bioregulators and their role in clinical medicine. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;133(2):123-9.
42. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB. Thymic peptides in surgical stress and recovery. Adv Gerontol. 2007;19(4):45-9.
43. Chernykh ER, Ostanin AA. Peptide immunotherapy for prevention of post-surgical complications. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142(1):117-24.
44. Morozov VG, Khavinson VKh. Peptide regulation of reparative processes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;719:475-7.
45. Bondarev IE, Shatilo VB. Clinical evaluation of thymic peptides in post-operative patients. Ukr Med J. 2011;19(6):54-8.
46. Rebrova TY, Linkova NS. Thymus-derived peptides and control of inflammatory response in surgical patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2013;26(3):689-95.
47. Khavinson V, Morozov VG. Peptide bioregulators in dentistry. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2006;142(3):356-9.
48. Dyatlova AO, Linkova NS. Thymic peptides and periodontal immune response. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2010;89(5):34-7.
49. Shabalina AV, Bondarev IE. Effect of peptide bioregulators on connective tissue repair in periodontal pathology. Adv Gerontol. 2012;25(2):87-92.
50. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB. Clinical use of thymic peptides in inflammatory gum diseases. Ukr Med J. 2014;22(4):61-5.
51. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptide bioregulation of homeostasis. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;134(3):233-6.
52. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh. Thymic peptides and regulation of metabolism. Exp Gerontol. 2010;45(4):273-8.
53. Bondarev IE, Shatilo VB. Clinical use of thymic peptides in patients with anorexia of various origins. Adv Gerontol. 2011;24(2):65-9.